![]() Thus, the adaptive immunity has been gaining attention in many aspects, including the elucidation of the causes as well as the therapeutic applicability for human diseases. In contrast, proper activation of exhausted T cell immunity is utilized in the treatments of cancers in which immune systems are generally in their inhibited states. Lymphocytes are composed of T and B cell lineages and are key players in adaptive immune systems in our body.ĭysregulated immunity is known to cause various diseases such as autoimmunity and allergic diseases. Future perspectives on this genetic technique in the field of histopathological research will also be discussed. In this review article, we introduce and detail the background and methodology of immune repertoire sequencing and summarize recent scientific achievements in association with human diseases. Immune repertoire sequencing not only helps deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune‐related pathology but also assists in discovering novel therapeutic modalities for diseases, thereby shedding colorful light on otherwise tiny monotonous cells when observed under a microscope. Recently, immune repertoire sequencing has attracted much attention because it helps obtain global profiles of the immune receptor sequences of infiltrating T and B cells in specimens. Lymphocytes are both the cause and regulator of various diseases, including autoimmune/allergic diseases, lifestyle diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers. Data 3, 160018 (2016).Īnd Steven H Kleinstein: A list of members endorsing this manuscript and their affiliations is available in Supplementary Note 1.įlorian Rubelt, Christian E Busse and Syed Ahmad Chan Bukhari: These authors contributed equally to this workĮline T Luning Prak and Steven H Kleinstein: These authors jointly supervised this work.Lymphocytes consist of highly heterogeneous populations, each expressing a specific cell surface receptor corresponding to a particular antigen. H2020 Program: Guidelines on FAIR Data Management in Horizon 2020, Version 3.0. Hundreds of studies are being published without common rules or standard procedures for the acquisition, storage, annotation, or sharing of the associated AIRR-seq data sets. However, the ability to generate these data has outpaced the infrastructure available to manage it. ![]() With high-throughput technologies generating large, complex data sets, AIRR-seq has led to the development of a diverse set of sample-processing strategies 9 and bioinformatics data analysis tools 10, 11. Profiling of the AIRR with HTS (AIRR-seq) has since become an important part of basic and clinical immunology research, including vaccine design, therapeutic antibody discovery, minimal-residual disease detection, and monitoring of responses to therapy 4, 6, 7, 8. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS), it became possible to characterize the AIRR at unprecedented depth, with typical runs generating tens to hundreds of millions of receptor sequences 6. For decades, characterization of the AIRR relied on low-resolution approaches such as flow cytometry, spectratyping, and Sanger sequencing. The collection of BCRs and TCRs in an individual forms the adaptive immune receptor repertoire (AIRR), which is capable of recognizing a vast array of antigens, including pathogens, autoantigens, allergens, toxins, and tumors 4, 5. These receptors are produced by somatic gene-segment rearrangement that generates unique antigen-specific variable regions 2, 3. B and T cells are the two pillars of the adaptive immune system, and both express antigen-specific receptors at their surface, namely, B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs), respectively. ![]() Antigen specificity is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity that underlies immune homeostasis and control of pathogenic attack in higher vertebrates 1. ![]()
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